GRAMMATICAL LANGUAGE

Simple Present Tense

1.    Active Voice

When the doer ( pelaku ) is important or we want to tell about the doer, the action or result is  not very importants.

S + V1 (s,es)

Helping verb :

a.    Do     : I, you, we, they

b.    Does : she, he, it

Helping verb in use sentences :

-       Negative

-       Interogative

Examples :

(+) Dewi eats a banana

(-)  Dewi doesn’t eat a banana

(?)  Does Dewi eat a banana?

2.    Passive Voice

When the doer ( pelaku ) is not important the most important is the action or result.

S + to be ( is, am, are ) + V3

Examples :

(+) A banana is eaten by Dewi

(-)  A banana is not eaten by Dewi

(?) Is a banana eaten by Dewi?

(?) Who is a banana eaten by?

Study the following sentences!

a.    The mechanic is repairing his car

b.    The students play football every Saturday

c.    My friend borrowed my book

The sentences above are in the active form because they consist of

S + P + O

No.	Subject	Predicate	Object
a.	The mechanic	is repairing	his car
b.	The students	play	football
c.	My friend	borrowed	my book

As the objects are more important to be spoken, so the object can become the subject followed by to be V3 by object. The sentences in the table can be changed into Passive as :

No.	Subject	Tobe	Verb III	By object
a.	His car	is being	repaired	by the mechanic
b.	The football	is	played	by the students
c.	My book	was	borrowed	by my friend

Form of passive : be + past perticiple

In the passive, the object of an active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb.

Examples :

Active    : Mary helped the boy

                   S        V         O

Passive : The boy was helped by Mary

                      S               V

Only transitive verbs ( verbs that are followed by an object ) are used in the passive. It is not possible to use verbs as happen, sleep, and seen ( intransitive verb ) in the passive.

Examples :

Active     : An accident happened

Passive  : ( none )

GRAMMAR FOCUS

Simple Present Tense

1.    Sentence Patterns

Active Voice	Passive Voice
1.    (+) S + is/am/are + Adj/N/Adv
(-) S + is/am/are + not + Adj/N/Adv
(?) Is/am/are + S + Adj/N/Adv?
2.    (+) S + V1(s/es) + O/Adv	(+) S + is/am/are + V3 + by O
(-) S + do/does + not + V1 + O/Adv	(-) S + is/am/are + not + V3 + by O
(?) Do/does + S + V1 + O/Adv?	(?) Is/am/are + S +V 3 + by O?

Examples :

Active Voice :

a.    I am an Indonesian artist.

b.    He is my English teacher.

c.    They are not my family.

d.    Raras performs a traditional dance beautifully.

e.    Ahmad Albar sings a rock song in every contest.

f.     The mechanic repairs the broken cars today.

g.    My brother always operates his computer at night.

h.    Father and mother usually read a newspaper in the morning.

i.      You can use my motorcycle to go to school.

j.      Mr. Adam is my new marketing manager in this company.

Passive Voice :

a.    –

b.    –

c.    –

d.    A traditional dance is performed by Raras beautiful.

e.    A rock song is sung by Ahmad Albar in every contest.

f.     The broken cars are repaired by the mechanic today.

g.    The computer is always operated by my brother at night.

h.    A newspaper is usually read by father and mother in the morning.

i.      My motorcycle can be used by you to go to school.

j.      –

2.    Adverbs of Time of Simple Present Tense

a.    Today.

b.    Every day, every morning, every night.

c.    Nowadays, at present, etc.

3.    Adverb of Frequency

a.    Always

b.    Usually

c.    Often

d.    Sometimes

e.    Rarely / seldom

f.     Ever

g.    Never

Examples of paragraph :

ALGAE

Algae is a primitive form of life, a single-called of simple multiple-called organism that is able to conduct the process of photosynthesis. It is generally found in water, but can also be found elsewhere, growing on such surfeces as rocks or trees. The various types of algae are classified according to pigment.

Blue-green algae or cyanophyta, can grow at a very high temperature and under intensity of light. This type of algae is the oldest form of life with photosynthesis. Fossilized remain of blue-green algae more than 3,4 billion years old have been found in parts of Africa.

            Green algae or chlorophyta, is generally found in fresh water. It reproduces on the surfaces of enclosed bodies of water such as ponds or lakes and has the appearance of a fuzzy green coating on the surface of the water.

            Brown algae or phaeophyta, grows in a shallow, temperature water. This type of algae is the largest in size and most recognizable as a type of seaweed. Its long stalks can be enmeshed on the ocean floor, or it can float on the ocean’s surface.

            Red algae or rhodophyta, is a small delicate organism found in the formation of coral reef : it secretes lime from the sea water to foster the formation of limestone deposits.

          

                                                ( taken from Longman Practise Test for the Toefl, 1989 : 34 )